Catalog number: 137 - GWB-5BB57D
Product Category: Business & Industrial > Science & Laboratory
Size: 0.5 mg
103-M21
Wnt signaling is involved in variety of developmental processes including cell fate determination, cell polarity, tissue patterning and control of cell proliferation. Members of the Frizzled family of proteins serve as receptors for the Wnt signaling pathway. The founding member of this family was identified in Drosophila based on its role in tissue polarity in the adult cuticle and named for the disorganized appearance of bristle hairs on the mutant. Ten mammalian Frizzled genes have been identified to date. The predicted structure of Frizzled proteins is similar among all family members, containing a divergent Nterminal signal peptide, a highly conserved extracellular cysteinerich domain, a variablelength linker region, a sevenpass transmembrane domain, and a variablelength C-terminal tail. One of the most conserved regions of the Frizzled proteins is the extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) which spans approximately 120 AA and contains 10 invariant cysteines. Mouse Frizzled-2 shows 100% amino acid identity to human and rat Frizzled2 in the CRD region. Frizzled2 expression is greater in embryonic than adult tissues, with heart, brain, lung, kidney and gut showing the highest levels.
103-M334
CCL4, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP1β), is a 12 kDa β chemokine that is secreted at sites of inflammation by activated leukocytes, lymphocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and pulmonary smooth muscle cells (1, 2). CCL4 attracts a variety of immune cells to sites of microbial infection as well as to other pathologic inflammation such as allergic asthma and ischemic myocardium. A CCL4 deficiency in mice promotes the development of autoantibodies, possibly as a result of compromised regulatory T cell recruitment. CCL4 is secreted from activated monocytes as a heterodimer with CCL3/MIP1α. The first two N-terminal amino acids can be cleaved from human CCL4 by CD26/DPPIV. Both the full length and truncated forms exert biological activity through CCR5, and the truncated form additionally interacts with CCR1 and CCR2. In humans, the ability of CCL4 to bind CCR5 inhibits the cellular entry of Mtropic HIV1 which utilizes CCR5 as a coreceptor. Both forms of CCL4 block HIV1 infection of T cells by inducing the downregulation of CCR5. Mature mouse CCL4 shares 77% and 86% amino acid sequence identity with human and rat CCL4, respectively.
103-M351
CD28 and CTLA-4, together with their ligands, B7-1 and B7-2, constitute one of the dominant costimulatory pathways that regulate T and B cell responses. CD28 and CTLA-4 are structurally homologous molecules that are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily. CTLA-4 is up-regulated rapidly following T cell activation and CD28 ligation. Although both CTLA-4 and CD28 can bind to the same ligands, CTLA-4 binds to B7-1 and B7-2 with a 20-100 fold higher affinity than CD28.